Titlepage for the First Part

reproduced from original documents in the library holdings of
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
Copyright © 2003 by Dr. David C. Bossard


Editorial Notes  v.  vi.  vii.  viii.

Author Page  ix.

Preface  xi  xii  xiii

Index of Charts

Index of Ship Plans and Diagrams

Index of Photographic Plates

Index of Figures

General Index

HMS Challenger Group Oct. 1874

CONTENTS.

FIRST PART.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,  xvii  xviii  xix  xx  xxi  xxii  xxiii  xxiv  xxv  xxvi  xxvii  xxviii  xxix
 xvii-xxix


INTRODUCTION.
Knowledge possessed by the Ancients concerning the Ocean, its Saltness and its Inhabitants — Researches during the Middle Ages, the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries — The Expeditions of the Eighteenth, and the Arctic and Antarctic Expeditions of the early part of the Nineteenth Century — The "Lightning" and "Porcupine" Expeditions — Correspondence between the Royal Society and the Admiralty with reference to the investigation of the Great Ocean Basins,

 xxxi  xxxii  xxxiii  xxxiv  xxxv  xxxvi  xxxvii  xxxviii  xxxix  xl  xli  xlii  xliii  xliv  xlv  xlvi  xlvii  xlviii  xlvix  l  li  lii  liii  liv
 xxxi-liv


CHAPTER I.
Selection of H.M.S. Challenger — Her Fittings — Description of the Decks, Workrooms, and Laboratories — List of Officers — Departure from Sheerness — Arrival at Portsmouth — Appendices,

 001  002  003  004  005  006  007  008  009  010  011  012  013  014  015  016  017  018  019  020  021  022  023  024  025  026  027  028  029  030  031  032  033  034  035  036  037  038  039  040  041  042  043  044  045
 l-45


CHAPTER II
Departure from Portsmouth — Sounding and Dredging — Arrival at Lisbon — Soundings and Dredgings off the Tagus — Gibraltar — Soundings and Dredgings between Gibraltar and Madeira — The Pennatulida —Tenerife — Soundings and Dredgings in the vicinity of the Canary Islands — Departure from Tenerife for the West Indies — Description of Method of Sounding, Dredging, and of making other Observations at Sea,

 046  047  048  049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061  062  063  064  065  066  067  068  069  070  071  072  073  074  075  076  077  078  079  080  081  082
 46-82


CHAPTER III.
Oceanic Temperatures — Modes of Determination — Self-Registering Thermometers of Six, Aimé, Negretti & Zambra, and others — Electrical Thermometer — Sources of Error — Professor Tait's Experiments — Piezometers — Compressibility of Water — Specific Gravity Determinations — Collection of Samples of Water —  Slip Water-Bottle — Buchanan's Water-Bottle — Combined Water-Bottle and Sounding Rod — Method of Taking Temperatures,

 083  084  085  086  087  088  089  090  091  092  093  094  095  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120
 83-120


CHAPTER IV
Tenerife to St. Thomas — St. Thomas — St. Thomas to Bermuda — The Brachiopoda — Gulf Weed Fauna — Description of Bermuda  — Bermuda to Halifax — The Gulf Stream — Halifax to Bermuda — The Tunicata,

 121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144  145  146  147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165  166
 121-166


[xiv]
CHAPTER V.
Bermuda to the Azores — The Ophiuroidea — The Azores — The Azores to Madeira — Madeira to the Cape Verde Islands — Saint Vincent and San Iago,

 167  168  169  170  171  172  173  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186  187  188  189  190  191
 167-191


CHAPTER VI
Cape Verde Islands to St. Paul's Rocks and Fernando Noronha — Balanoglossus — The Echinoidea — Description of St. Paul's Rocks and Fernando Noronha — Coast of Brazil — Bathypterois — Surface Fauna of Guinea and Equatorial Currents — The Radiolaria — Bahia,

 192  193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208  209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224  225  226  227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234  235  236
 192-236


CHAPTER VII.
Bahia to the Tristan da Cunha Group — Ipnops — Account of Tristan Island and the Settlement — Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands — Tristan Group to the Cape — The Cephalopoda — The Holothurioidea — The Cape — Peripatus — The Cetacea — The Chitons,

 237  238  239  240  241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256  257  258  259  260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267  268  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283  284  285  286  287  288
 237-288


CHAPTER VIII.
Cape of Good Hope to Prince Edward and Marion Islands — The Crinoidea and Myzostomida  — The Crozet Islands — The Petrels — Arrival at Kerguelen,

 289  290  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298  299  300  301  302  303  304  305  306  307  308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329  330  331
 289-331


CHAPTER IX.
Kerguelen Island — Proceedings of the Expedition — History of previous Exploration — Geology, Meteorology, Zoology, and Botany of the Island — The Spheniscidæ,

 332  333  334  335  336  337  338  339  340  341  342  343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352  353  354  355  356  357  358  359  360  361  362  363  364  365  366
 332-366


CHAPTER X.
From Kerguelen to McDonald Islands and Heard Island — Notes on the reproduction of certain Echinoderms from the Southern Ocean — Heard Island to the Antarctic Circle and Australia — Icebergs of Antarctic Regions,

 367  368  369  370  371  372  373  374  375  376  377  378  379  380  381  382  383  384  385  386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394  395  396  397  398  399  400  401  402  403  404  405  406  407  408  409  410  411  412  413  414
 367-414


CHAPTER XI.
History of Southern Exploration — Antarctic Temperatures — Density of the Sea Water south of the 60th parallel — Icebergs — Deposits — Surface Organisms — The Hexactinellida — The Tetractinellida,

 415  416  417  418  419  420  421  422  423  424  425  426  427  428  429  430  431  432  433  434  435  436  437  438  439  440  441  442  443  444  445  446  447  448  449  450  451  452
 415-452


CHAPTER XII.
Melbourne to Sydney — Sydney  — Excursion to Queensland — The Marsupialia — Sydney to Welliugton — Procalistes — Wellington to the Kermadec and Friendly islands — Tongatabu, Friendly Islands to the Fiji Islands — The Fiji Islands,

 453  454  455  456  457  458  459  460  461  462  463  464  465  466  467  468  469  470  471  472  473  474  475  476  477  478  479  480  481  482  483  484  485  486  487  488  489  490  491  492  493  494  495  496  497  498  499  500  501  502  503  504  505  506  507  508  509
 453-509




[xv]
SECOND PART.


CHAPTER XIII.
Fiji Islands to the New Hebrides Islands — Halobates — Api — The Macrura — Raine Island — Cape York — Arrou Islands — Ki Islands — Banda Group,

 511  512  513  514  515  516  517  518  519  520  521  522  523  524  525  526  527  528  529  530  531  532  533  534  535  536  537  538  539  540  541  542  543  544  545  546  547  548  549  550  551  552  553  554  555  556  557  558  559  560
 511-560


CHAPTER XIV.
Banda Islands — The Monaxonitia — Banda to Amboina — The Actiniaria — Amboina — Mimicry in Butterflies and Moths — The Brachyura — Amboina to Ternate — Ternate — The Medusæ,

 561  562  563  564  565  566  567  568  569  570  571  572  573  574  575  576  577  578  579  580  581  582  583  584  585  586  587  588  589  590  591  592  593  594  595  596  597  598  599  600  601  602  603
 561-603


CHAPTER XV.
Ternate to Samboangan — The Asteroidea — Sanboangan to Ilo Ilo — The Amphipoda — Ilo Ilo to Manila — The Lamellibranchiata — Manila to Hong Kong — The Annelida — The Calcarea and Keratosa,

 604  605  606  607  608  609  610  611  612  613  614  615  616  617  618  619  620  621  622  623  624  625  626  627  628  629  630  631  632  633  634  635  636  637  638  639  640  641  642  643  644  645
 604-645


CHAPTER XVI.
Hong Kong to Manila and Zebu — Mactan and Zebu — Zebu to Camiguin Island and Samboangan — Samboangan — Samboangan to Humboldt Bay — The Polyzoa — Cephalodiscus — Humboldt Bay — Humboldt Bay to the Admiralty Islands — The Alcyonaria — The Nudibranchiata,

 646  647  648  649  650  651  652  653  654  655  656  657  658  659  660  661  662  663  664  665  666  667  668  669  670  671  672  673  674  675  676  677  678  679  680  681  682  683  684  685  686  687  688  689  690  691  692  693  694  695
 646-695


CHAPTER XVII.
The Admiralty Islands — History of their Discovery — Description of Nares Harbour — General Appearance of the Islands and Botany — Natives — Their Houses, Habits, Customs, Ornaments, Weapons, and Implements — Zoology — Polynesian Races,

 696  697  698  699  700  701  702  703  704  705  706  707  708  709  710  711  712  713  714  715  716  717  718  719  720  721  722  723  724  725  726  727  728  729  730  731  732  733
 696-733


CHAPTER XVIII.
Admiralty Islands to Japan — The Schizopoda, Cumacea, and Phyllocarida — Japan — The Japan Stream — Japan to the Sandwich Islands — The Hydroida — Honolulu — Hawaii — Sandwich Islands to Tahiti — Dr. Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm — Tahiti — Structure of Coral Reefs — The Corals,

 734  735  736  737  738  739  740  741  742  743  744  745  746  747  748  749  750  751  752  753  754  755  756  757  758  759  760  761  762  763  764  765  766  767  768  769  770  771  772  773  774  775  776  777  778  779  780  781  782  783  784  785  786  787  788  789  790  791  792  793  794  795  796  797  798  799  800
 734-800


CHAPTER XIX.
Tahiti to Juan Fernandez — Manganese Nodules, Sharks' Teeth, Zeolites, and Cosmic Spherules in the Deposits of the Central South Pacific — The Stomatopoda — Historical Account of Juan Fernandez — Physical Features — Botany and Zoology — The Nemertea — Juan Fernandez to Valparaiso —The Foraminifera —Valparaiso — The Copepoda and Ostracoda,

 801  802  803  804  805  806  807  808  809  810  811  812  813  814  815  816  817  818  819  820  821  822  823  824  825  826  827  828  829  830  831  832  833  834  835  836  837  838  839  840  841  842  843  844  845  846  847  848
 801-848


[xvi]
CHAPTER XX.
Valparaiso to Cape Tres Montes — The Cirripedia and Pycnogonida — Through the Messier Channel, Sarmiento Channel, and the Strait of Magellan to the Falkland Islands — The Isopoda — The Falkland Islands — Fossils — The Scaphopoda and Gasteropoda — The Anoniura,

 849  850  851  852  853  854  855  856  857  858  859  860  861  862  863  864  865  866  867  868  869  870  871  872  873  874  875  876  877  878  879  880  881  882  883  884  885  886  887  888  889  890  891  892  893  894  895  896  897  898  899  900  901
 849-901


CHAPTER XXI.
Falkland Islands to Monte Video — The Deep — Sea Fishes — Monte Video — The. Gephyrea — Monte Video to Ascension — Description of the Deposits — On Deep-Sea Deposits in General — Ascension — Ascension to Porto Praya — Pelagic Diatoms —  Infusoria — Pyrocystis — Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres — Bathybius — Cape Verde Islands to England — Synoptical Table of the Voyage — The Botany of the Expedition — Challenger Collections and Publications,

 902  903  904  905  906  907  908  909  910  911  912  913  914  915  916  917  918  919  920  921  922  923  924  925  926  927  928  929  930  931  932  933  934  935  936  937  938  939  940  941  942  943  944  945  946  947
 902-947


CHAPTERXXII.
Density of Sea Water — Composition of Ocean Water Salts — Geographical and Bathymetrical Distribution of Specific Gravity — Carbonic Acid, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Sea Water — Discussion of Meteorological Observations as bearing on Oceanic Circulation,

 948  949  950  951  952  953  954  955  956  957  958  959  960  961  962  963  964  965  966  967  968  969  970  971  972  973  974  975  976  977  978  979  980  981  982  983  984  985  986  987  988  989  990  991  992  993  994  995  996  997  998  999  1000  1001  1002  1003
 948-1003


APPENDICES.

Appendix

I.
 Explanation of Symbols and Abbreviations used in the Charts and Diagrams,

 1005
 1005



II.
 Revised Table showing the positions of the Soundings obtained by H.M.S. Challenger, the Temperature and Specific Gravity of the Surface and Bottom Water, and the Stations where Serial Temperatures, Trawlings, and Dredgings were procured,

 1007  1008  1009  1010  1011  1012  1013  1014  1015
 1007-1015



III.
 Report on the Chronometers supplied to, and the Meridian Distances obtained by H.M.S. Challenger, between the 1st December 1872 and the 12th June 1876, by Staff-Commander T. H. Tizard, R.N.

 1017  1018  1019  1020  1021  1022  1023  1024  1025  1026
 1017-1026



IV.
 Report on the Health of the Crew of H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873-76. By Fleet-Surgeon George Maclean, R. N.

 1027  1028  1029  1030  1031
 1027-1031



V.
 Chemical Analyses,

 1033  1034  1035  1036  1037  1038  1039  1040  1041  1042  1043  1044  1045  1046  1047  1048  1049  1050  1051
 1033-1051



VI.
 Bibliography, giving the Titles of Books, Reports, and Memoirs referring to the Results of the Challenger Expedition,

 1053  1054  1055  1056  1057  1058  1059  1060  1061  1062  1063
 1053-1063



VII.
 List of Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition,

 1065  1066  1067  1068  1069  1070  1071  1072
 1065-1072



VIII.
 Letters addressed by the Admiralty to the Captain of H.M.S. Challenger, and the Director of the Civilian Scientific Staff, after the Arrival of the Expedition in England,

 1073
 1073




Index

 1075  1076  1077  1078  1079  1080  1081  1082  1083  1084  1085  1086  1087  1088  1089  1090  1091  1092  1093  1094  1095  1096  1097  1098  1099  1100  1101  1102  1103  1104  1105  1106  1107  1108  1109  1110
 1075-1110