VI. WOODCUTS





First Part

Figure

Page

H.M.S. Challenger,
1
1.
The Steam Pinnace in Sydney Harbour,
4
2.
Zoological Laboratory on the Main Deck,
6
3.
The Holdfast,
7
4.
Hydraulic Compression Apparatus,
11
5.
Chemical Laboratory,
12
6.
Sea-going Sand-Bath,
14
7.
Carbonic Acid Apparatus,
15
8.
Apparatus for collecting the Atmospheric Gases from Sea-Water,
17
9.
H.M.S. Challenger at the New Mole, Gibraltar,
47
10.
Two views of Umbellula thomsoni, Köll.,
50
11.
Santa Cruz, Tenerife,
53
12.
Dredging and Sounding arrangements on board the Challenger,
57
13.
Hydra Sounding Machine,
59
14.
Baillie Sounding Machine,
60
15.
The Accumulator,
62
16.
Diagram to illustrate the method of Sounding,
64
17.
The Cup Lead,
69
18.
The Valve Sounding Lead,
69
19.
The Dredge,
74
20.
The Beam Trawl used in deep-sea work,
75
21.
The Sieves,
76
22.
Diagram illustrating the supposed action of the Deep-Sea Dredge,
77
23.
Ordinary method of using the Tow-Net,
79
24.
A method of using the Tow-Net in deep water,
79
25.
The Current Drag,
80
26.
Diagram to illustrate the action of the Current Drag,
81
27.
Six's Deep-Sea Thermometer,
86
28.
Case for enclosing Six's (Miller-Casella) Thermometer,
86
29.
Negretti & Zambra's Deep-Sea Thermometer; Ferguson's Modification,
90
30.
Negretti & Zrunbra's Improved Standard Deep-Sea Thermometer,
93
31.
Magnaghi's reversing apparatus for Negretti & Zambra's Thermometer,
94
32.
Siemens' Electrical Thermometer,
96
33.
Mercury Piezometer,
104
34.
Enlarged view, showing attachment of bulb to end of Piezometer,
104
35.
Water Piezometer,
105
36a.
Diagram for Water Piezometer,
108
36b.
Diagram for Mercury Piezometer,
108
37.
Hydrometer,
109
38.
Method of using the Hydrometer,
110
39.
The Slip Water-Bottle,
111
40.
Instrument for slipping the Cylinder at intermediate depths,
112
41.
Stop-cock Water-Bottle, in section, closed and open,
113
42.
Buchanan's Improved Stop-cock Water-Bottle, in section,
116
43.
Depth Gauge,
116
44.
Buchanan's Combined Sounding Tube and Water-Bottle,
117
45, 46, 47
Disengaging Apparatus for Buchanan's Water-Bottle,
118
48.
Peak of Tenerife from the N.W., 40 miles,
121
49.
Boarding the wreck of the "Varuna," off Cabrite Point, St. Thomas,
130
50.
Terebratula wyvillii, Dav.,
131
51.
Terebratulina wyvillii, Dav.,
131
52.
Discina atlantica, King,
131
53.
Thermometer tubes broken by pressure at a depth of 3875 fathoms (Station 25),
134
54.
Stratified "Æolian" Rocks, Bermuda,
137
55.
"Æolian" Limestone Beds in process of formation, Bermuda,
141
56.
Sand-Glacier overwhelming a Garden. Elbow Bay, Bermuda,
142
57.
Chimney of a Cottage which has been buried by a Sand-Glacier. Elbow Bay,
143
58.
Natural Swamp-Vegetation, Bermuda,
144
59.
Group of Palms on the croquet-lawn, Mount Langton,
145
60.
Papaw-trees (Carica papaya) in the Governor's garden at Clarence Hill,
147
61.
Cedar Avenue, Hamilton, Bermuda,
149
62.
Land Nemertine, Tetrastemma agricola, Suhm (young male),
150
63A.
Female of Nebalia (Paranebalia) longipes, Sulim,
151
63B.
Male of the same,
151
63C.
Phyllopod-like thoracic limb of  geoffroyi, from Suhm,
152
63D.
Corresponding limb of Nebalia (Paranebalia) longipes, from Suhm,
152
63E.
Thoracic limb of Lophogaster typicus, from Sars,
152
64.
Octacnemus bythius, Moseley,
162
65.
Culeolus wyville-thomsoni, Herdman,
163
66.
The Branchial Sac of Culeolus wyville-thomsoni, Herdman,
164
67.
A. Styela squamosa, Herdman; B. Styela bythia, Herdman, attached to a manganese nodule, from 2600 fathoms,
164
68.
Corynascidia suhmi, Herdman,
165
69.
Ophioglypha bullata, Wyv. Thoms.,
170
70.
Ophiomusium lymani, Wyv. Thoms.,
171
71.
Ophiomusium pulchellum, Wyv. Thoms.,
173
72.
Ophiomitra chelys (Wyv. Thoms.),
173
73.
Opitiotholia supplicans, Lym.,
174
74.
Araucaria cookii, San Miguel,
177
75.
Cryptomeria japonica, San Miguel,
178
76.
Araucaria excelsa, San Miguel,
178
77.
Orange Groves near Potita Delgada,
179
78.
Fragment (head) of Balanoglossus, n. sp.,
195
79.
Salenia hastigera, A. Ag.,
196
80.
Salenia varispina, A. Ag.,
197
81.
Aërope rostrata, Wyv. Thoms.,
198
82.
Pourtalesia phiale, Wyv. Thoms.,
198
83.
Cystechinus wyvillii, A. Ag.,
199
84.
Phormosoma luculentum., A. Ag.,
199
85.
Pourtalesia ceratopyga, A. Ag.,
200
86.
H.M.S. Challenger at St. Paul's Rocks,
201
87.
The Peak of Fernando Noronha, sketched from the deck of H.M.S. Challenger, Sept. 3rd, 1873,
212
88.
Bathypterois longipes, Günth.,
217
89.
Xiphacantha murrayans, n. sp.,
222
90.
Lithoptera darwinii, n. sp.,
222
91.
Haliomma wyvillei, n. sp.,
223
92.
Hexancistra quadricuspis, n. gen. et sp.,
223
93.
Eureoryphalus huxleyi, n. sp.,
223
94.
Cinclopyramis murrayana, n. gen. et. sp.,
223
95.
Lithocoronis challengeri, n. gen. et sp.,
224
96.
Clathrocanium reginœ, n. sp.,
225
97.
Ipnops murrayi, Günth., 1600 to 1900 fathoms,
239
98.
The Island of Tristan da Cunha,
241
99.
Settlement of "Edinburgh," Tristan da Cunha,
252
100.
Waterfall, Inaccessible Island,
255
101.
Penguins at home,
260
102.
Head, foot, and wing of Nesospiza acunhœ, Cabanis,
261
103.
Head, foot, and wing of Nesocichla eremita,  Gould,
261
104.
Nightingale Island from the North,
264
105.
Nightingale Island from the South,
265
106.
Amphitretus pelagicus,  n. gen. et sp.,
271
107.
Japetella prismatica, n. gen. et. sp.,
272
108.
Bathyteuthis abyssicola, n. gen. et. sp.,
272
109.
Promachothuthis megaptera, n. gen. et. sp.,
273
110.
Peniagone wyvillii, Théel,
277
111.
Scotoplanes globosa, Théel,
279
112.
Psychropotes longicauda, Théel,
281
113.
Peripatus capensis (after Balfour),
284
114.
A right leg of Peripatus capensis,
285
115.
A left leg of Peripatus capensis,
285
116.
Pentacrinus maclearanus, Wyv. Thoms., M.S.,
304
117.
Pentacrinus wyville-thomsoni, Jeffreys,
304
118.
Metacrinus wyvillii,  P. H. Carpenter,
305
119.
Rhizocrinus lofotensis,  M. Sars,
305
120.
Bathycrinus gracilis,  Wyv. Thoms.,
307
121.
Bathycrinus gracilis,  Wyv. Thoms.,
307
122.
Hyocrinus bethellianus,  Wyv. Thoms.,
309
123.
Promachocrinus kerguelensis,  P. H.Carpenter,
312
124.
Thammatocrinus renovatur, P. H.Carpenter,
312
125.
Diagram showing the structure of Myzostoma (coloured),
314
126.
A. Myzostoma horologium, dorsal surface; B, the same, ventral surface; C Myzostoma quadrifilum; D, Myzostoma folium; E, stelechopus hyocrini,
315
127.
A. Arm swelling of Pentacrinus alternicirrus, P. H. C., inhabited by Myzostoma pentacrini; B, swollen pinnule of the same, inhabited by Myzostoma deformator; C, arm swelling of Antedon inœqualis, P. H. C., inhabited by Myzostoma tenuispinum; D, malformed pinnule of the same, inhabited by Myzosioma willemoesii; E, cyst on the disk of Antedon radiospina, P. H. C., inhabited by Myzostoma murrayi,
317
128.
East Island, Crozet Group, seen from H.M.S. Challenger, January 2nd, 1874,
319
129.
Base of Beak of Diomedea exulans,
325
130.
Beak of Thalassœca glacialoides,
325
131.
Beak of Acipetes anarticus,
325
132.
Diagram representing Mr. Forbes' view of the Classification of the Tubinares,
327
133.
Cape Challenger, Kerguelen Island, with Mount Ross in the distance,
343
134.
M'Donald Islands and Meyer Rock, as seen from H.M.S. Challenger, 6th February 1874,
369
135.
Glacier, Corinthian Bay, Heard Island, as seen from H.M.S. Challenger, 6th February 1874,
370
136.
Sketch by Mr. Buchanan of a rock embedded in the black sand, Heard Island,
373
137.
Sketch by Mr. Buchanan of the mountainous promontory, Heard Island,
374
138.
Cladodactyla crocea, Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands,
381
139.
Psolus ephippifer, Wyv. Thoms., Corinthian Harbour, Heard Island,
383
140.
Psolus ephippifer, Wyv. Thoms.
383
141.
Goniocidaris canaliculata, A. Ag. Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands,
385
142.
Goniocidaris canaliculata (Cidaris nutrix, Wyv. Thoms.), Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island,
387
143.
Hemiaster cavernosus (Phil.), Accessible Bay, Kerguelen Island,
388
144.
Hemiaster cavernosus (Phil.), female,
389
145.
Hemiaster cavernosus (Phil.), male,
389
146.
Hemiaster cavernosus (Phil.), showing the arrangement of the eggs in one of the marsupial recesses,
389
147.
Leptychaster kerguelensis,
391
148.
Hymenaster nobilis, Wyv. Thoms. Southern Ocean,
393
149.
Hymenaster nobilis, Wyv. Thoms. Southern Ocean,
394
150.
Ophiacantha vivipara, E. A. Smith, off Cape Maclear, Kerguelen Island,
395
151.
Iceberg first seen, 11th February 1874,
397
152.
Iceberg seen 21st February 1874,
402
153.
Iceberg seen 23rd February 1874,
403
154.
H.M.S. Challenger after collision with an iceberg, 24th February 1874,
404
155.
Iceberg and Pack Ice, seen 28th February 1874,
406
156.
Iceberg and Pack Ice, seen 25th February 1874,
407
157.
Echiostoma micripnus, Günther ; 2150 fathoms,
412
158.
Tœgeria pulchra, n. gen. et sp.,
437
159.
Caulophacus elegans, n. gen. et sp.,
438
160.
Hyalonema elegans, n. sp.,
438
161.
Poliopogon amadou. Wyv. Thoms.,
439
162.
Pheronema carpenteri (Wyv. Thoms.), 440
163.
Hyalonema lusitanicum, Bocage,
441
164.
Crateromorpha murrayi, n. sp.
442
165.
Lefroyella decora, Wyv. Thoms.,
443
166.
Melittiaulus ramosus, n. gen. et sp.,
444
167.
Section of the wall of Walteria flemmingii, n. gen. et sp.,
445
168.
Myliusia callocyanthus, Gray,
446
169.
Characteristic forms of the dermal spicules of the four families of Lyssacina,
446
170.
Characteristic spicules of the Uncinataria,
447
171.
Schematic view of a section through the metatarsus of a typical mammalian foot,
457
172.
Schematic view of a transverse section through the metatarsus showing the intrinsic museles if the left human foot,
458
173.
Procalistes (Taonius) suhmii, Laukester,
470
174.
Procalistes (Taonius) suhmii, Laukester, older specimen,
471
175.
Nukalofa, Tongatubu,
481
176.
The Island of Matuku, from the entrance through the Barrier Reef,
488
177.
Fijian Native with remarkable head-dress, part of dancing costume,
504
178.
Queen of Rewa,
505




Second Part

Figure

Page

H.M.S. Challenger — shortening Sail to Sound,
511
179.
Halobates wüllerstorffi, Frauenfeld,
513
180.
Landing of natives at Api, New Hebrides,
516
181.
Willemœsia leptodactyla, Suhm ; male,
522
182.
Polycheles crucifera, Suhm,
523
183.
Eryoneicus cœcus, Spence Bate (from Suhm),
524
184.
Thanumastocheles zaleuca, Suhm ; male,
525
185.
Benthesicymus altus, n. sp.
528
186.
Resident's Canoe, Banda,
567
187.
Amphilectus challengeri, Ridley,
570
188.
Amorphina megalirrhaphis, Carter,
571
189.
Polysiphonia tuberosa, Hertwig. A, oral view; B, lateral view,
575
190.
Tentacles of Polysiphonia tuberosa, Hertwig,
576
191.
Artaxa sumulans, A. G. Butler,
581
192.
Ophthalmis lincea, Cramer,
581
193.
Alcidis aruus, Felder,
581
194.
Papilio alcidinus, A. G. Butler,
582
195.
Hind wings of Phyllodes,
583
196.
Cyrtomaia murrayi, n, gen. et sp.,
589
197.
Platymaia wyville-thomsoni, n, gen. et sp.,
591
198.
Paracycloïs milne-edwardsi, n, gen. et sp.,
591
199.
Island of Tidore,
594
200.
Pectis antarctica, Haeckel,
601
201.
Periphylla mirabilis, Haeckel,
602
202.
Hymenaster sacculatus, Sladen,
608
203.
Pythonaster murrayi, Sladen,
609
204.
Pararchaster pedicifer, Sladen,
610
205.
Porcellanaster cœruleus, Wyv. Thoms. A, abactinal aspect; B, actinal aspect,
611
206.
Styrcaster horridus, Sladen,
613
207.
Andania gigantes, Stebbing,
619
208.
Acanthozone tricarinata, Stebbing,
621
209.
Cystoma neptuni (Guérin-Ménéville) Suhm,
621
210.
Callocardia adamsii, n. sp.
625
211.
Nuculina ovalis, Searles Wood,
625
212.
Amussium watsoni,n. sp.
626
213.
Arca corpulenta,n. sp.
626
214.
Horizontal section through both eyes of Genetyllis oculata,  n. gen. et sp.,
629
215.
Syllis ramosa, M'Intosh,
631
216.
Trophonioa wyvillei, n. sp.
633
217.
Flabelligera (?) abyssorum, n. sp.
634
218.
Eithardia schulzei, Poléjaeff,
642
219.
Dredge used by the Native Fishermen at Zebu for obtaining Euplectella,
651
220.
New Volcano, Camiguin Island,
653
221.
Pile-Dwellings of Lutaos, Samboangan,
658
222.
Spear Dance of two Lutaos, at Samboangan,
662
223.
Farciminaria hexagona, Busk,
670
224.
Farciminaria delicatissima, Busk,
670
225.
Farciminaria magma, Busk,
671
226.
Farciminaria gracilis, Busk,
671
227.
Farciminaria cribraria, Busk,
672
228.
Farciminaria pacifica, Busk,
672
229.
Farciminaria brasiliensis, Busk,
676
230.
Fragment of Polyzoarium of Cephalodiscus dodecalophus, M'Intosh,
677
231.
Ventral view of Cephalodiscus dodecalophus, M'Intosh,
677
232.
Stone-bladed Chopper and StoneJeaded Hammer in use at Humboldt Bay,
686
233.
The Village of Ungrau in Humboldt Bay, New Guinea,
688
234.
Callozostron mirabile, n. gen. et. sp.,
690
235.
Callozostron mirabile, n. gen. et. sp., single polyps,
690
236.
Bathydoris profunda, n. gen. et. sp.,
691
237.
Bathydoris abyssorum, Bergh,
693
238.
Bathydoris abyssorum, Bergh, back view,
694
239.
Four Armlets of Trochus niloticus shells, Admiralty Islands,
710
240.
Pendent Nose Ornaments from the Admiralty Islands, made of ground Tridacna shell,
710
241.
Lime Spoon-stick with carved handle, from the Admiralty Islands,
712
242.
Earthenware pot with two handles, from the Admiralty Islands,
713
243.
Spherical earthenware pot, from the Admiralty Islands,
713
244.
Hand Fishing Net, Admiralty Islands,
715
245.
Admiralty Island Fish-hook made of Trochus shell,
716
246.
Admiralty Island Adze, with blade of Terebra maculata shell,
716
247.
Admiralty Island Adze with blade of hoop iron,
716
248.
Large Adze Blades of Tridacna and Hippopus shells,
717
249.
Admiralty Isiand Axe Blade of volcanic rock,
717
250.
Knife made of a portion of Pearl Oyster shell,
718
251.
Short Darts with reed shafts and heads of hard wood,
720
252.
Large carved wooden Food Bowl without handles,
721
253.
Food Bowl with spiral, carved, and perforated handles,
721
254.
Double Bird Bowls carved in wood,
722
255.
Carved Wooden Bowl representing a Crocodile,
722
256.
Admiralty Island Pan-pipes,
723
257.
Entrance to a Club House, Wild. Island, Admiralty Islands, with carved and decorated door-posts,
725
258.
Human hair supported in a rough bamboo basket finni a club house,
726
259.
Human hair in a net of string,
726
260.
Gnathophausia gigas,  Suhm. Dorsal view.
739
261.
Gnathophausia gigas,  Suhm. Lateral view,
740
262.
Gnathophausia zoœa,  Suhm.
740
263.
Euphausia pellucida, Dana,
741
264.
Streptocaulus pulcherrimus, Allman,
751
265.
Monocaulus imperator, Allman,
752
266.
Honolulu and the Valley of Nuuanu,
761
267.
Mauna Kea, Hawaii,
766
268.
Falls of Waianuenne, near Hilo,
768
269.
Slope of the outer face of the Barrier Reef at Tahiti,
777
270.
Section of the Barrier Reef at Tahiti,
778
271.
Profile of the Reefs,
780
272.
Tahiti,
783
273.
Diagram representing a Nurse-Stock of the Mushroom Coral (Fungia) and enlarged view of the scar left on the end of the stock when a young coral has become detached,
789
274.
Portion of the hard coral skeleton of Millepora nodosa,
791
275.
System of zooids of Millepora nodosa in the expanded condition,
791
276.
Cryptolielia pudica, M.-Edw. and Haime,
792
277.
Deltocyathus italicus, Pourtalès,
793
278.
Deltocyathus italicus, Stellate variety of Pourtalès
793
279.
Deltocyathus magnificus, Moseley,
794
280.
Odontocyathus coronatus, Moseley,
794
281.
Stephanotrochus diadema, Moseley,
794
282.
Stephanotrochus nobilis, Moseley,
794
283.
Flabellum alabastrum, Moseley,
795
284.
Flabellum angulare, Moseley,
795
285.
Flabellum apertum, Moseley,
796
286.
Lophohelia prolifera, M.-Edw. and Haime
796
287.
Bathyactis symmetrica, Moseley,
797
288.
Stephanophyllia complicata, Moseley,
798
289.
Leptopenus hypocœlus, Moseley,
798
290.
Leptopenus hypocœlus, Moseley,
799
291.
Tooth of Carcharodon megalodon, from 2385 fathoms,
805
292.
Petrous and tympanic bone of Ziphius cavirostris, from 2335 fathoms,
806
293.
Section of a Manganese Nodule, showing a tympanic bone of Mesoplodon in the centre, from 2600 fathoms,
807
294.
Oxyrhina (Oxyrhina trigonodon, Agass.) tooth, from 2350 fathoms,
808
295.
Black Spherule with Metallic Nucleus from 2375 fathoms, South Pacific,
811
296.
Black Spherule with Metallic Nucleus from 3150 fathoms, Atlantic,
811
297.
Spherule of Bronzite from 3500 fathoms, Central South Pacific,
812
298.
A Lamella of the Spherule represented in fig. 297,
812
299.
Cumberland Bay, Juan Fernandez,
822
300.
Carinina, n. gen.,
831
301.
Carinina, n. gen.,
832
302
Pelagonemertes rollestoni, Moseley,
832
303
Keramosphœra murrayi, Brady,
834
304
Cymbalopora (Tretomphalus) bulloides (d'Orbigny),
835
305
Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orbigny), (murrayi, Wyv. Thoms.), with floating apparatus,
836
306
Hastigerina pelagica (d'Orbigny), (murrayi, Wyv. Thoms.), from the surface,
837
307
Pulvinulina menardii, (d'Orbigny), from the tropical deposits,
838
308
Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, from the deposits, tropical regions of the Atlantic,
839
309
Globigerina bulloides, var. triloba (Reuss), from the surface,
840
310
Orbulina universa (d'Orbigny), from the deposits,
841
311
Orbulina universa (d'Orbigny), from the surface,
842
312
Corycœus pellucidus, Dana; male and female,
844
313
Pontostratiotes abyssicola, G. S. Brady,
845
314
Lernœa abyssicola, G. S. Brady,
846
315
Cythere dictyon, G. S. Brady,
847
316
Krithe producta, G. S. Brady,
847
317
Megalasma striatum, Hoek,
852
318
Scapellum eximium, Hoek,
853
319
Berruca sulcata, Hoek,
854
320
Scalpellum darwinii, Hoek,
855
321
Scalpellum regium (Wyv. Thoms.), Hoek,
855
322
Nymphon robustum, Bell,
857
323
Colossendeis proboscidea (Sabine),
859
324
Oorhynchus aucklandiœ, Hoek,
861
325
Serolis bromleyana, Suhm,
880
326
Neasellus kerguelenensis, n. gen. et sp.,
882
327
Stanley, Falkland Islands,
883
328
Guivillea alabastrina, Watson,
896
329
Tylaspis anomala, n. gen. et sp.,
899
330
Ptychogaster milne-edwardsi, n. sp.,
900
331
The Green Mountain and Extinct Craters, Ascension Island,
927
332
Frustule of Etmodiscus wyvilleanus,  n. gen. et sp.,
932
333
Fragment of frustule of Etmodiscus sp.,
933
334
ceratium (Peridinium) tripos in catenâ, after Murray,
934
335
Pyrocystis noctiluca, Murray,
936
336
Pyrocystis noctiluca, Murray,
937
337
Pyrocystis noctiluca, Murray,
937
338
Pyrocystis fusiformis, Murray,
937
339
A Coccosphere, from the surface,
938
340
Rhabdospheres, from the surface,
939

Two Diagrams representing, in a graphic form, the densities of the surface water observed on the voyage in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,
963







VI. WOODCUTS





First Part


Mermaids and tow-net,
xxix

Introduction. — Hooke's Sounding Apparatus,
liv
Chapter


I.
"Good luck to you all" (reproduced by permission of the proprietors of Punch),
20
II.
Trawl, Dredge, Tow-Net, Sounding Machine, Water-Bottle, and Sieves,
82
III.
Anemometer, Thermometer, Current Drag, Sextant, and Carbonic Acid Apparatus,
120
IV.
Examining contents of Trawl,
166
V.
Sifting Deposits,
191
VI.
Emptying contents of Dredge,
236
VII.
Traversing Penguin Rookery,
288
VIII.
Emptying Water-Bottle,
331
IX.
Shooting Party with Artist at Kerguelen,
366
X.
H.M.S. Challenger and Iceberg,
414
XI.
Reading Deep-Sea Thermometers,
452
XII.
Bird Skinning,
509




Second Part

XIII.
Shark on Board,
560
XIV.
Examining contents of Tow-Net,
603
XV.
Naturalist's Cabin,
645
XVI.
Botanising,
695
XVII.
Favourites,
733
XVIII.
Tihitian Girl,
800
XIX.
Capture of Albatross,
848
XX.
Naturalists' Workroom during a calm,
910
XXI.
Hulk of H.M.S. Challenger at Chatham,
947
XXII.
Reading Hydrometer,
1003